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The only physical and chemical properties of opioids that best determine their action as spinal anesthetics is lipid solubility. Many of the effects of opioids introduced into the epidural space, both desirable (analgesia) and undesirable (complications),

The terminal stage of oncological diseases may be accompanied by insatiable pain. Even such doses of drugs, from which the patient can not just stand up — it’s good to ask for a vessel, can not

I asked the wise guy who recommended thoracic epidural postoperative analgesia to us what he would do if the spinal cord had been pierced. I had to tease him for a long time so that he

As a devil, she can give serious complications if you do not carry out careful monitoring and special preventive actions. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia in obstetrics requires special caution, due to certain peculiarities of the

As a matter of fact, today we can only use three local anesthetics for epidural analgesia of labor: ropiva kain (best of all), bupivacaine (if there is no ropivacaine), lidocaine (if there is nothing else). Consideration

The use of adrenaline in dilution of 1: 300.000 and below significantly increases the duration of the blockade and its quality, while also local anesthetics act faster. Some authors do not recommend adding adrenaline to

If during childbirth obstetrician decided necessary STI caesarean section, and in the epidural space has a catheter, through which the anesthetized childbirth, need to enter the epidural full dose (mean 20 mL) of local anesthetic concentration, The necessity of

Historically, caudal anesthesia was the first method of epidural anesthesia, and it was she who for decades was called simply “epidural anesthesia” {see epigraph). Then it (not to be confused with intervertebral) was called sacral (through hiatus sacralis), now (not

The needle for puncture of the sacrococcygeal membrane should be of sufficient length (for adults not less than 7 cm), mandrin (so that the needle is not clogged with tissues and does not bring them

Lidocaine and mepivacaine, which have a faster onset of action and better penetration than other local anesthetics, are especially good for caudal anesthesia, which occurs rather slowly but may be uneven due to the density