Biochemical classification of neurons It based on chemical wasps on the singularity of neurotransmitters used by neurons in the synaptic transmission of nerve impulses. Many different groups of neurons are distinguished, in particular, cholinergic (mediator – acetylcholine), adrenergic (mediator – norepinephrine), serotonergic (mediator – serotonin), dopaminergic (mediator – dopamine), GABA-ergic (mediator – gamma-amineline, GAMA-realgic (mediator – gamma-amineline, GAMK-ergic (mediator – gamma-amineline), GABA-ergic (mediator – gamma-amineline; , purinergic (mediator – ATP and its derivatives), peptidergic (mediators – substance P, enkephalins, endorphins and other neuropeptides). In some neurons contain both terminals of two types of neurotransmitter, and also not the first romodulyatory.
Other types of neuron classifications. Nerve cells of different parts of the nervous system can be active without exposure, t. e. have the property of automatization. They are called background active neurons. Other neurons show impulse activity only in response to any stimulation, t. e. they do not have background activity.
Some neurons, because of their special importance to the activity of the brain, have received additional names on behalf of the researchers, im- p stems describe them. Among them are the Betz pyramidal cells localized in the new cortex of the brain; pyriform Purkinje cells, Goal s ji, Lugano cells (consisting of cerebellar cortex); Renshaw inhibitory cells (spinal cord) and a number of other neurons.
Among sensory neurons, a special group is distinguished, which was obtained and whether the name of neuron detectors is. Neurons detectors – a vysokosp e tsializirovannye cortical neurons and subcortical structures capable of selectively responding to a specific feature the sensor signal having a behavioral value. Such cells are isolated in a complex pa drazhitele of its individual features, which is a necessary step for pattern recognition. In this case, information about the individual parameters of the article and the mule is encoded by the neuron detector in the form of action potentials.
At present, neuron detectors have been detected in many sensory systems of humans and animals. The initial stages of the study relate to the 60s, when they were first identified and directional orientation neurons in the retina of the frog in the visual cortex of the cat, as well as in the human visual system (for the discovery of the phenomenon of orientation of Mr. Noah selectivity of neurons in the visual cortex cat D. Hubel and T. Wiesel in 1981 were awarded the Nobel Prize). The phenomenon Orie n , Gravitational sensitivity is that the detector neuron gives the maximum frequency and the number of discharge pulses only when opred e lennom position in the receptive field of a light strip or lattice; with a different orientation of the strip or grid, the cell does not respond or responds poorly. This means that it has place a sharp tuning of the neuron detector to action potentials reflecting the corresponding pr and the sign of the object . Directional neurons respond only to a specific direction of movement of the stimulus (at a certain speed). In addition to orientational and directional neurons, detectors of complex physical phenomena occurring in life (moving human shadow, cyclic hand movements), and object-like detectors are detected in the visual system. In the neocortex, basal ganglia, thalamus discovered neurons are particularly sensitive to stimuli, convergent e nym with a human face or some parts of it. These answers are not th rons are recorded at any location, size, color of the “facial stimulus”. In the visual system, neurons with an increasing ability to synthesize individual features of objects, as well as sex and modal neurons, which have the ability to respond to stimuli of various sensory modalities (visual-auditory, visual-somatosensory and t. d.).